Fundamentals of Web Browsers, Applications, and Cloud Computing

Common Web Browsers

Web Browser components

Browser installs and updates

Importance of browser updates

• Compatibility with websites
• Security
• New features

Frequency of browser updates

Most web browsers update at the same frequency:

• Major updates every four weeks
• Minor updates as needed within the four-week period
  • Security fixes, crash fixes, policy updates
• Some vendors offer an extended release:
  • Major updates are much less frequent
  • Better for structured environments

Malicious plug-ins and extensions

• Malicious plug-ins and extensions typically not displayed in list of installed apps and features.
• Use an anti-malware program to remove them.
• Use trusted sources for plug-ins and extensions to avoid malware.

Basic Browser Security Settings

What is a proxy server?

• Acts as go-between when browsing the web.
• The website thinks the proxy is the site visitor.
• Protects privacy or bypass content restrictions.
• Allows organizations to maintain web security, web monitoring, and content filtering.
• Controls what, when, and who.
• Reduces bandwidth consumption and improves speed.

How does a proxy server work?

• Proxy servers perform network address translation to request and retrieve web content on behalf of requesting computers on the network.

  

Managing cookies

• Cookies:
  • Small text-based data stores information about your computer when browsing
  • Save session information
  • More customized browsing experience
  • Example: Online shopping basket
• Cookies can be useful but could be malicious too:
  • Tracking browsing activity
  • Falsifying your identity

What is cache?

• Cache is temporary storage area
• Stores web data, so it can be quickly retrieved and reused without going to original source
• Cache is stored on local disk
• Improves speed, performance, and bandwidth usage
• Cache can be cleared when no longer needed

Browser Security Certificates and Pop-ups Settings

Security certificates

• Good security practice to check websites’ authenticity
• Look for HTTPS in URL and padlock icon
  • ‘Connection is secure’
• If it says ‘not secure’ be wary
  • Certificate expired
  • Issuing CA not trusted

Script and pop-ups blockers

Pop-ups:

• Typically are targeted online ads
• Can be annoying and distracting
• Can be malicious
  • Associated with ‘innocent’ actions

• Take care when interacting with pop-ups

  Popular third-party pop-up blockers:

• Adlock
• AdGuard
• AdBlock
• Ghostery
• Adblock Plus May provide additional features such as ad filtering.

Private Browsing and Client-side Scripting Settings

Private browsing mode that doesn’t save:

• History
• Passwords
• Form data
• Cookies

• Cache

  Only hidden locally

• ISPs, websites, workplace can view data

Client-side scripting

• Web pages were static in early days of WWW
• Dynamic web pages adapt to situation/user
• Server-side scripting performed by server hosting dynamic pages
• Client-side scripting performed by client’s web browser
• Code is embedded in web page
  • JavaScript

Pros

• Client-side scripts are visible to user
• No reliance on web server resources

Cons

• Client-side scripts have security implications
• Malware developers constantly trying to find security flaws
• You may need to disable client-side scripts

Should you disable JavaScript?

Pros of disabling

• Security
• Browsing speed
• Browser support

• Disabled cookies

  Cons of disabling

• Lack of dynamic content
• Less user-friendly browsing experience
• Website navigation

Introduction to cloud computing and cloud deployment and service models

What is cloud computing?

Delivery of on-demand computing resources:

• Networks
• Servers
• Storage
• Applications
• Services

• Data centers Over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis.

  Applications and data users access over the Internet rather than locally:

• Online web apps
• Secure online business applications
• Storing personal files
  • Google Drive
  • OneDrive
  • Dropbox

Cloud computing user benefits

• No need to purchase applications and install them on local computer
• Use online versions of applications and pay a monthly subscription
• More cost-effective
• Access most current software versions
• Save local storage space
• Work collaboratively in real time

Cloud computing

• Five characteristics
• Three deployment models
• Three service models

Cloud computing characteristics

• ON-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service

Cloud deployment models

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid cloud

Cloud service models

• IaaS
• PaaS
• SaaS

Application Architecture and Delivery Methods

Application Architecture models

• How will an application be use?

• How will it be accessed?

  

One-tier model

• Single-tier model
• Also called monolithic model
• Applications run on a local computer

Two-tier model

• Workspace-based client – Personal computer
• Web server – Database server

Three-tier model

• Workspace-based client
• Application server or web server

• Additional server (Database)

  Each tier can be:

• Individually developed and updated by a separate team
• Modified and upgraded without affecting the other tiers

N-tier model

• A number of tiers
• Multi-tier model
  • Workspace-based client
  • Web server or database server
  • Security
  • Additional servers

• Preferred for the microservices pattern and Agile model

  Pros

• Changes can be made to specific tiers
• Each tier can have its own security settings
• Different tiers can be load balanced

• Tiers can be individually backed up by IT administrators

  Cons

• Changes to all tiers may take longer

Application Delivery methods

• Local installation
• Hosted on a local network
• Cloud hosted

Software Development Life Cycle

Introduction to the SDLC

• Structured methodology that defines creating and developing software
• Detailed plan to develop maintain, or enhance software
• Methodology for consistent development that ensures quality production

• Six major steps

  

Requirement analysis and planning

Design

Coding or implementation

Testing

Deployment

Maintenance

SDLC models

Waterfall

• Linear sequential model
• Output of one phase is input for the next phase

• Next doesn’t start until work is completed on the previous phase

  Iterative

• Iterative incremental model
• Product features developed iteratively

• Once complete, final product build contains all features

  Spiral

• Uses waterfall and prototype models
• Good for large projects
• Largely reduces risk
• Planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation

• Follows an iterative process

  V-shaped

• Verification and validation model

• Coding and testing are concurrent, implemented at development stage

  Agile

• Joint development process over several short cycles
• Teams work in cycles, typically two to four weeks
• Testing happens in each sprint, minimizes risk
• Iterative approach to development
• At the end sprint, basic product developed for user feedback

• Process is repeated every sprint cycle

  Four core values of agile model

• Individuals and interactions over process and tools
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation

• Responding to change over following plan

  Lean

• Application of lean principles
• Focuses on delivery speed
• Continuous improvement

• Reducing waste each phase

  Seven rules of Lean Model

• Build in quality
• Create knowledge
• Defer commitment
• Deliver fast
• Respect people
• Optimize the whole
• DevOps evolved from Agile and Lean principles
• Development and Operations teams work collaboratively

• Accelerate software deployment

  

Traditional SDLC vs. Agile